We have iconv installed and enabled as it is packaged with PHP 8.2. Just to confirm you want me to install another version and enable it in the php.ini file?
I also did a php -m just to confirm that it was loaded.
I checked the thread that you suggested and set the value of sys_temp_dir. It didn't contain a value before so I was really hoping that would fix it but the problem persists.
I tried adding stack trace to the cron.php file but it didn't reveal anything to me. I have to admit, this is my first rodeo with PHP so I may not have set the stack trace correctly, although I did a couple of methods. The only output I ever got back was this.